Elimination of E. faecalis with NaOCl versus chlorhexidine gluconate from primary molar root canal systems: an ex vivo model study.

OBJECTIVES: This ex vivo human study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of NaOCl and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) irrigations in eliminating Enterococcus faecalis from the RCS of primary molars. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Disinfected extracted primary molars were inoculated with E. faecalis for 24 h. Then, the RCS samples were then irrigated with either 2.5% NaOCl, 0.2% and 2% CHG, or sham saline. The samples were collected immediately after irrigation; and 24 h later, the bacterial viability and counts were measured using blood agar and qRT-PCR, respectively. Histological sections were used to measure E. faecalis penetration and viability in dentin tubules using fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: The recovery of viable E. faecalis after the irrigation of the primary molars showed more significant bactericidal effects of NaOCl and 0.2% and 2% CHG than of saline. Immediately after the irrigation, the NaOCl group showed the greatest reduction in E. faecalis; and 24 h later, all the groups had lower viable E. faecalis than the saline control. The bacterial penetration was also lowest in the NaOCl group, although there was no difference in bacterial viability in the tubules between the groups. CONCLUSION: In primary teeth, NaOCl and CHG showed similar degrees of bacterial elimination efficacy in terms of E.faecalis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Within the limitations of this study, NaOCl and CHG have the similar ability to perform endodontic irrigation of primary ex vivo teeth regarding the elimination of E.faecalis, but NaOCl penetrates dentin tubules better.

Evaluation of root canal cleaning efficacy of selfadjusting files, protaper rotary, and manual K-Files in primary teeth - An In vitro Comparative study.

Background: The success of pulpectomy depends on complete eradication of microbial load by cleaning and shaping the primary root canals that is difficult to achieve because of anatomical intricacy of primary pulp dentin complex. Numerous instruments were tried, however, they proved to be inadequate. Selfadjusting file (SAF) is a newer file system that facilitates less dentin removal with maximal cleansing of root canals. Aim: To evaluate and compare the in vitro root canal cleaning efficacy with SAF, Protaper Universal, and Hand K-files in primary teeth. Materials and Methods: Sixty extracted primary anterior teeth were randomly divided into three groups by lottery method. Access cavity was prepared, the canals were enlarged up to 20 K file, and an Indian ink was injected into each canal. Then the Group I (n = 20) was treated with SAF, Group II (n = 20) with Rotary Protaper Universal and Group III (n = 20) with Hand K-files and the root canal cleaning efficacy was evaluated based on the amount of Indian ink remaining in the canal walls under stereomicroscopy. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis one way ANOVA test and post hoc Tuckey test for intragroup and intergroup comparison, respectively. Results: A statistically highly significant difference was observed with SAF (mean = 1.5), Protaper (mean = 2.5), and Hand K-files (mean = 2.9). However, there was no significant difference in root canal cleaning efficacy with Protaper Universal and Hand K-files. Conclusion: The SAFs had shown superior cleaning efficacy compared with rotary Protaper Universal and manual K files.

Evaluation of antibacterial effects of different intracanal medicaments on Enterococcus faecalis in primary teeth: An in vitro study.

OBJECTIVES: Successful endodontic therapy is based on the reduction of infecting bacteria by cleaning, shaping, and disinfecting of the root canal system, thus the use of intracanal dressing is necessary for optimal success of root canal treatment. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of chitosan and propolis as intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis compared to calcium hydroxide in primary root canals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety-six extracted primary second molars were collected. Teeth preparation was completed to size 30 K-file. They were randomly divided into four groups; (A): chitosan, (B): propolis, (C): calcium hydroxide, and (D): control group (saline). The tooth specimens were inoculated with E. faecalis. Then, tested materials were applied for all groups in accordance to the groups each tooth belonged to. Following this, the bacterial colonies were counted after 24 h, 72 h, and 1 week of applying dressing materials and incubation. Finally, one-way analysis of variance and Fisher's least significant difference tests were used for statistical comparisons between the groups at a significance level of .05. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found between groups A, B, and C for both 24 h and a week (p ≥ .05). Yet, a statistical difference between groups A, B, C, and D after 72 h and 1 week were seen (p ≤ .05). CONCLUSIONS: Chitosan and propolis medicaments were as effective as calcium hydroxide against E. faecalis in primary root canal treatment and might be considered as an alternative dressing material between treatment sessions.

Salivary microbial community alterations due to probiotic yogurt in preschool children with healthy deciduous teeth.

Probiotics are considered valuable to human health since they improve intestinal microbial balance. Probiotics are orally taken and affect the oral microbiota, which is one of the most important parts of the human microbial community. However, there is little information on the effects of probiotics on the oral microbiota. Caries-free preschool children (N = 6) with complete deciduous dentition were enrolled and given 100 g probiotic yogurt daily for 1 year. Salivary samples were collected every 6 months and then sequenced by Illumina MiSeq system based on 16S rDNA V3-V4 hypervariable regions. The data were analyzed to obtain the changes in microbiota profiles before and after the probiotic yogurt consumption. The α diversity analysis showed that salivary microbial diversity and richness were similar between the groups. The ß diversity analysis showed that salivary microbial community structure changed with the consumption of probiotic yogurt. The variation of the microbial community composition was mainly due to 9 genera; for 7 genera (Campylobacter, Haemophilus, Lautropia, Bacillus, Catonella, Lactococcus, and Solibacillus) increased, while 2 genera (Gemella, and Streptococcus) decreased. The variation of salivary microbiota structure and composition with the consumption of probiotic yogurt was revealed. This expands overall insights on the effects of probiotic products on oral microecology. It further provides a basis for predicting possible relations between probiotic interventions and oral health in preschool children.

Analysis of bacterial communities of infected primary teeth in a Mexican population

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to describe the bacterial communities associated with pediatric patients with endodontic infections of temporal teeth by targeting the 16S rRNA gene using pyrosequencing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Microbiological samples were obtained from the lower primary molars of thirteen 13 pediatric patients with dental infections. An aspiration method for microbiological sampling was used. The identification of microbiota employing the pyrosequencing method by targeting the 16S gene was performed. RESULTS: Ribosomal 16S RNA gene sequences were amplified, obtaining a total of 16,182 sequences from 13 primary infected molars (13 different individuals) by pyrosequencing. Bacteroidetes phyla (35.15%) were the most abundant followed by Firmicutes (33.3%) and Fusobacteria (10.05%); the presence of specific pathogenic bacteria was determined as well. CONCLUSIONS: The infected root canal of primary teeth contains a high diversity of anaerobic bacteria, and Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Fusobacteria phyla were the most abundant; Prevotella and Streptococcus genera were the most prevalent

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The influence of centrifugation and inoculation time on the number, distribution, and viability of intratubular bacteria and surface biofilm in deciduous and permanent bovine dentin.

The present study aimed to assess the influence of centrifugation and inoculation time on the number, distribution, and viability of intratubular bacteria and surface monospecies E. faecalis biofilm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-four semicylindrical specimens cut from primary (n = 22) and permanent (n = 22) bovine teeth were randomly assigned to the experimental groups. Teeth of each type were inoculated with E. faecalis with and without centrifugation for 1 and 14 days. The number, localization, viability of bacteria and depth of their penetration were assessed with bacterial culturing of dentin shavings, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser electron microscopy (CLSM). Three-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey test were used to assess the influence of different experimental setups on dentin infection. RESULTS: Severe dentin infection was observed in permanent and deciduous teeth after centrifugation and 1-day incubation: bacteria reached the full length of dentinal tubules and colony-forming units were too numerous to count. The volume of green fluorescence didn't differ significantly in permanent teeth compared with deciduous (p = 1.0). After 1-day stationary inoculation, small number of cultivable bacteria and few viable bacteria in dentinal tubules were found in both groups. After 14-day stationary inoculation, the dentin infection according to CLSM was deeper in deciduous teeth compared with permanent (p = 0.006 and p = 0.019 for centrifugation and stationary inoculation, respectively). CONCLUSION: The most even and dense dentin infection was observed in primary and permanent bovine teeth after centrifugation and 1-day inoculation, and in deciduous teeth after 14-day stationary inoculation.

Antibacterial efficacy and remineralization capacity of glycyrrhizic acid added casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate.

The aim was to evaluate remineralization capacity and antibacterial efficiency of Tooth Mousse and various amounts of glycyrrhizic acid added Tooth Mousse on primary tooth enamel. Three groups were formed; Group 1 (CPP-ACP), Group 2 (CPP-ACP + 5% glycyrrhizic acid), and Group 3 (CPP-ACP + 10% glycyrrhizic acid) in order to evaluate remineralization capacity. Enamel samples were immersed in demineralization solution and then remineralization agents were applied. Surface microhardness and SEM analyses were performed at the beginning, after demineralization and remineralization. For antibacterial tests, four groups were formed; Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3 and Group 4 (control). Biofilms were then exposed to 10% sucrose eight times per day for 7 days. After biofilm growth period, samples were treated with materials to evaluate antibacterial efficiency except control group. After application of materials, samples were incubated 2 more days at 37°C and at the end of this period, absorbance values of biofilms were determined and data were analyzed. An increase in microhardness values was Group 2 > Group 3 > Group 1, respectively, but there were no significant differences. After remineralization, microhardness values showed significant increases when compared to demineralized groups, but there was no significant difference. All groups showed decreased absorbance value of biofilm when compared with control group but they were insignificant. It was observed that both in Group 2 and Group 3, glycyrrhizic acid did not have a negative effect on remineralization and although they have an increase, it was insignificant. Although glycyrrhizic acid added CPP-ACP groups showed increased antibacterial activity, they were not statistically significant.

Comparing dental plaque microbiome diversity of extrinsic black stain in the primary dentition using Illumina MiSeq sequencing technique.

BACKGROUND: Extrinsic black stain (EBS) is characterized by discrete dark dots or lines on the tooth surface. The relationship between EBS and oral microbiota in children remains elusive. The aim of this study was to compare dental plaque microbiome in EBS children with that in EBS-free children in the primary dentition. METHODS: The Illumina MiSeq sequencing technique was utilized in the cross-sectional pilot study to investigate the diversity and composition of the supragingival plaque microbiota from 10 EBS-positive and 10 EBS-free children. The results were analysed with nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson Chi-Square test, Fisher's Exact test and one-way ANOVA tests. RESULTS: We identified 13 different phyla, 22 classes, 33 orders, 54 families, 105 genera, and 227 species from a total of 52,646 high-quality sequences. Between two groups, no statistical differences were observed in the estimators of community richness and diversity at 97% similarity, as well as in the Unweighted Unifrac principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA). At the species level, higher level of relative abundance of Actinomyces naeslundii and lower level of relative abundance of a species belonging to Candidate_division_TM7 was observed in dental plaque of EBS-positive subjects, compared to dental plaque of EBS-free subjects (P < 0.05). This indicated that some species might be involved in the EBS process. CONCLUSION: Changes in dental plaque microbiota is possibly relevant to the process of EBS in the primary dentition.

The Supragingival Biofilm in Early Childhood Caries: Clinical and Laboratory Protocols and Bioinformatics Pipelines Supporting Metagenomics, Metatranscriptomics, and Metabolomics Studies of the Oral Microbiome.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a biofilm-mediated disease. Social, environmental, and behavioral determinants as well as innate susceptibility are major influences on its incidence; however, from a pathogenetic standpoint, the disease is defined and driven by oral dysbiosis. In other words, the disease occurs when the natural equilibrium between the host and its oral microbiome shifts toward states that promote demineralization at the biofilm-tooth surface interface. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of dental caries as a disease requires the characterization of both the composition and the function or metabolic activity of the supragingival biofilm according to well-defined clinical statuses. However, taxonomic and functional information of the supragingival biofilm is rarely available in clinical cohorts, and its collection presents unique challenges among very young children. This paper presents a protocol and pipelines available for the conduct of supragingival biofilm microbiome studies among children in the primary dentition, that has been designed in the context of a large-scale population-based genetic epidemiologic study of ECC. The protocol is being developed for the collection of two supragingival biofilm samples from the maxillary primary dentition, enabling downstream taxonomic (e.g., metagenomics) and functional (e.g., transcriptomics and metabolomics) analyses. The protocol is being implemented in the assembly of a pediatric precision medicine cohort comprising over 6000 participants to date, contributing social, environmental, behavioral, clinical, and biological data informing ECC and other oral health outcomes.

Do Different Proportions of Antibiotics in the CTZ Paste Interfere with the Antimicrobial Action? In Vitro Study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial action of the CTZ paste in three different proportions by diffusion in agar with the microorganisms: Enterococcus faecalis,Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Material and Methods: Three different proportions of antibiotics were tested: GROUP A - CTZ paste in the ratio of 33.33% chloramphenicol + 33.33% tetracycline + 33.33% zinc oxide, mixed with 2 drops of eugenol (1:1:1 ratio); GROUP B - CTZ paste in the proportion of 25% chloramphenicol + 25% tetracycline + 50% zinc oxide, mixed with 2 drops of eugenol (1: 1: 2 ratio); GROUP C - CTZ paste with 13% chloramphenicol + 13% tetracycline + 74% Zinc Oxide, mixed with 2 drops of eugenol (1:1:6 ratio); PC GROUP - Positive Control (0.12% Chlorhexidine); and NC GROUP - Negative Control (0.9% Saline solution). Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics (means and standard deviation). The one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test were used, with a significance level of 5% Results: No statistical differences for Enterococcus faecalis between groups A, B, and C (p = 0.1986) were found. There were statistical differences for Escherichia coli between groups B and C (p = 0.029), and for Candida albicans between groups A and C (p = 0.006). Groups A, B, and C had significant differences with both Positive and Negative Controls for all the microorganisms Conclusion: The three different ratios of CTZ paste showed antimicrobial efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis,Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans microorganisms.

Assessment of the endodontic microbiota of abscessed primary teeth using microarray technology.

CONTEXT: Knowledge of the microbial composition of abscessed primary tooth is limited. AIM: The aim was to investigate the presence of 10 oral bacterial species in samples from abscessed primary tooth root canals using microarray technology and to determine their association with clinical findings. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The samples were collected from root canals of 20 primary molars with acute primer infection. The bacterial composition of the samples was semi-quantitatively defined using a microarray system (ParoCheck®). Clinical parameters included the presence of spontaneous pain, mobility, percussion sensitivity and swelling. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Data were statistically analyzed by Student' t-test, Fisher's exact Chi-square test, Freeman-Halton-Fisher's exact test, and Spearman's rho correlation analysis. RESULTS: All the tested species were detected in the samples. Fusobacterium nucleatum was the most frequent bacterium (100%), followed by Parvimonas micra (65%), Provetella intermedia (45%), and Treponema denticola (45%). According to paired bacterial combinations, F. nucleatum was significantly positively correlated with P. intermedia and P. micra (P < 0.05). T. denticola was significantly positively correlated with Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus, and P. micra, while it was negatively correlated with Eikenella corrodens (P < 0.05). No statistically significant relationships were found between the presence of any bacteria and clinical findings. CONCLUSION: Microarray technology used in this study has demonstrated the presence of various bacteria with varying proportions in the root canals of abscessed primary teeth. The results regarding the high rate of certain bacterial combinations suggest the enhanced pathogenicity due to additive or synergistic effects of these microbial combinations.

Comparative Molecular Analysis of Gram-Negative Bacteria in Primary Teeth with Irreversible Pulpitis or Periapical Pathology.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the Gram-negative pathogens identified in the root canals of primary teeth with irreversible inflammatory pulpitis and in teeth showing apical periodontitis. Methods: Samples were collected from 123 root canals of primary teeth from three- to seven-year-old patients. Root canals were assigned to either group one (irreversible inflammatory pulpitis; n equals 63) or group two (pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis; n equals 60). Total number of cells of selected Gram-negative microorganisms was determined by the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique. Demographic data were compared using either chi-squared or t tests. Total numbers of microorganisms were compared using the Mann-Whitney test (α equals 0.05). Results: There were no significant intergroup differences in gender, age, and tooth group distribution (P>0.05). Among the 123 samples, 17 were discarded due to salivary contamination. The total numbers of Prevotella nigrescens, Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum polymorphum, Fusobacterium nucleatum spp nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotype a, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotype b, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Prevotella melaninogenica were higher in teeth with apical periodontitis compared to those with irreversible inflammatory pulpitis (P<0.05). Conclusion: Higher numbers of Gram-negative bacteria were found in teeth with apical periodontitis compared to teeth with irreversible in- flammatory pulpitis.

Distinctions and associations between the microbiota of saliva and supragingival plaque of permanent and deciduous teeth.

BACKGROUND: Using salivary microbiota as an accurate proxy for monitoring supragingival microbiota remains controversial because their relationship remains unclear. The eruption of permanent teeth and the exfoliation of primary teeth in mixed dentition greatly alter microbial habitats, which may cause compositional shifts of oral microbiota from childhood to adults. OBJECTIVE: This study's purpose was to assess whether saliva represents a suitable sample for monitoring supragingival microbiota in healthy people, and to explore how the replacement process of deciduous teeth with permanent teeth in mixed dentition influences microbiota within the oral cavity. DESIGN: Samples of saliva and of supragingival plaque from permanent and deciduous teeth were collected separately from 20 healthy children with mixed dentition. To characterize their microbial communities, we used the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence. RESULTS: Saliva harbored a less even and less diverse community than did the plaque. Discriminating genera, namely Rothia and Streptococcus, contributed to the saliva and plaque differentiation. About half of predicted KEGG pathways varied between the plaque and saliva communities. Oral bacteria showed significantly associations between their supragingival and salivary states. We identified 20 supragingival plaque-related genera in saliva, such as Corynebacterium, Capnocytophaga, Fusobacterium, and Neisseria. Additionally, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria peaked in the permanent teeth plaque but subsided in deciduous teeth plaque and saliva. The exfoliation of deciduous teeth and eruption of permanent teeth might be related to the reported fluctuation in the relative abundance of Actinobacteria from primary dentition to permanent dentition within the oral cavity. The variation between PT and DT was due mainly to permanent teeth being enriched in Actinomyces and deciduous teeth in Treponema. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that the supragingival plaque-related bacteria could be suitable candidates when sampling saliva for monitoring supragingival microbiota. The replacement process of deciduous teeth with permanent teeth in mixed dentition might be related to the reported age-maturation of phylum Actinobacteria in the oral cavity.

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy as an Adjunct for Clinical Partial Removal of Deciduous Carious Tissue: A Minimally Invasive Approach.

This study aimed to evaluate the use of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjunct for minimally invasive treatment (partial removal of carious tissue-PRCT) of deciduous carious tissue evaluating its efficacy in reducing microorganisms. For that, a clinical study was design including children with deciduous molars with active deep caries lesions (DCL). PRCT was performed and remaining dentin was treated with 100 µg mL-1 methylene blue solution (5 min) and than irradiated with a low power laser emitting red light (InGaAIP-indium gallium aluminum phosphide; λ = 660 nm; 100 mW; 300 J cm-2 ; 90 s; 9 J). The colony forming units (CFU) count after PRCT and after PRCT + aPDT/mg of dentin were compared for total microorganisms, including Candida spp., the mutans streptococci group, Streptococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. The dentin was classified (color, consistency and humidity). The microbial reduction varied from 69.88% to 86.29% and was significantly observed for total microorganisms, mutans streptococci, Streptococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp (P < 0.001). The dentin type did not influence reduction of microorganisms (P > 0.05). The aPDT presents a promising future for clinical use as an adjunct for the reduction of microorganisms in PRCT of DCL in all kinds of dentin.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Efficiency of Different Root Canal Disinfection Techniques in Primary Teeth.

BACKGROUND: A successful primary root canal treatment depends on effective shaping and cleaning the root canal system and finally filling it with a hermetic sealer. Clinically, roots of primary teeth are difficult to shape and the irrigation/disinfection protocol has great importance on prognosis. OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated the antibacterial efficiency of Endosafe (Orangedental GmbH & Co. KG), photo-activated disinfection (PAD; Orangedental GmbH & Co. KG), diode laser (Epic 10; Biolase, Inc.), ozone (O3, Ozonytron; Biozonix, München, Germany), and sodium hypochloride applications in primary root canals that were infected with Enterococcus faecalis after standard mechanical instrumentation. METHODS: The study was conducted on roots of 100 human primary molar teeth, which were extracted due to excessive caries. The roots were divided in 5 groups with 15 roots in each root disinfection protocol. In addition, 15 samples and 10 samples served as positive and negative controls, respectively. The Shapiro-Wilk test, the Kruskal-Wallis test and then by post hoc group comparisons with the Bonferroni-adjusted Mann-Whitney U test (unpaired observations) was used. RESULTS: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) exhibited the highest antibacterial effect (0 colony-forming units per mL). Diode laser irradiation was statistically more effective than the ozone, PAD, and Endosafe groups (p < 0.001). Endosafe, PAD, and ozone groups showed similar antibacterial effect (p > 0.05). Although not statistically significant, the Endosafe was more effective in reducing the bacterial count when compared with ozone and PAD. CONCLUSIONS: The five tested irrigation systems were shown to be effective in disinfection of the E. faecalis-contaminated primary root canals and best results were obtained with 2.5% NaOCl and diode laser.

Structure of the Bacterial Community in Different Stages of Early Childhood Caries.

PURPOSE: To characterise in vivo the structure of bacterial communities in decayed and sound primary teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples of biofilms were collected from three groups of patients with complete and exclusively primary dentition (n = 45): G1: sound teeth (n = 15); G2: enamel lesion (n = 15); G3: dentin lesion (n = 15). DNA was extracted (CTAB 2%) from the biofilm, the partial 16S rRNA gene was amplified with Bacteria Universal Primers (BA338fGC - UN518r) and subjected to DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis). Multidimensional scaling and ANOSIM (analysis of similarity) were employed to determine the structure of the bacterial communities. The amplicon richness was determined by averaging amplicons, with the differences between treatments determined with ANOVA, while means were compared using Tukey's test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Compared to sound teeth, a greater variety of bacterial communities was found in decayed teeth. Despite the differences between the bacterial communities of sound teeth and decayed teeth, the Venn diagram showed that the samples had 38 amplicons in common. Greater amplicon richness was observed in samples of decayed teeth (enamel: 20.5 ± 2.7; dentin: 20.1 ± 2.8) compared with the sound samples (12.0 ± 4.3) (p <0.05), indicating enhanced growth for specific groups of bacteria on decayed teeth. CONCLUSION: Although there is less bacterial diversity on sound than ECC-decayed teeth, the bacterial communities are very similar.

Can the Enterococcus faecalis identified in the root canals of primary teeth be a cause of failure of endodontic treatment?

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the presence of Enterococcus faecalis in primary teeth with primary root canal infections and related to the possible failure of pulpectomy outcome after 36 months. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Root canal samples were obtained from 25 out of 244 patients using the sterile paper cone method. The identification of E. faecalis was done with culture and molecular tests using species-specific 16S rRNA gene-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After 36 months, the pulpectomy outcome was evaluated. RESULTS: Enterococcus faecalis was found in five (20%) samples, and dental caries were the cause of primary infection in all of them. Pulpectomy outcome was evaluated only in teeth that completed the entire clinical protocol and were followed up to 36 months (n = 8). From these, 75% (n = 6) were successful and 25% (n = 2) failed. E. faecalis was present in 50% of both successful and failed cases. CONCLUSIONS: Enterococcus faecalis was not related to the failure of endodontic treatment of primary teeth.

Antibiofilm Activity of Five Different Endodontic Filling Materials Used in Primary Teeth Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of five endodontic materials for primary teeth on in vitro mixed-species biofilms. METHODS: Zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) cement, Vitapex, Calen paste thickened with zinc oxide (ZO), pure calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) paste, and iodoform were evaluated. Sterile water was used as a control. Mixed-species biofilm was incubated in anaerobic conditions for 21 days. The biofilm specimens were placed in contact with the endodontic materials for periods of seven and 30 days. The biofilm was studied by using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The cell viability ratio was calculated. The results were analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey tests. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between groups at both seven and 30 days (F equals 73,073, P=0.00). After 30 days, 69 percent, 51 percent, and 35 percent of the biofilm volume fluoresced red, indicating the proportion of bacteria killed by iodoform, Vitapex, and ZOE cement, respectively. Calen plus ZO and pure Ca(OH)2 paste were the least effective materials against the biofilms. CONCLUSIONS: Pure iodoform paste and iodoform containing Vitapex were the most effective materials against the biofilms. Vitapex appears to be a suitable endodontic material for primary teeth.

Microbiological, lipid and immunological profiles in children with gingivitis and type 1 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of periodontal pathogens, systemic inflammatory mediators and lipid profiles in type 1 diabetes children (DM) with those observed in children without diabetes (NDM), both with gingivitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-four DM children and twenty-seven NDM controls were evaluated. The periodontal status, glycemic and lipid profiles were determined for both groups. Subgingival samples of periodontal sites were collected to determine the prevalence of periodontal microorganisms by PCR. Blood samples were collected for IL-1-ß, TNF-α and IL-6 analysis using ELISA kits. RESULTS: Periodontal conditions of DM and NDM patients were similar, without statistical differences in periodontal indices. When considering patients with gingivitis, all lipid parameters evaluated were highest in the DM group; Capnocytophaga sputigena and Capnocytophaga ochracea were more prevalent in the periodontal sites of DM children. "Red complex" bacteria were detected in few sites of DM and NDM groups. Fusobacterium nucleatum and Campylobacter rectus were frequently found in both groups. Similar levels of IL-1-ß, TNF-α and IL-6 were detected in DM and NDM children. CONCLUSION: Clinical and immunological profiles are similar between DM and NDM children. The presence of Capnocytophaga sputigena and Capnocytophaga ochracea were associated with gingivitis in DM children.

Microbiological, lipid and immunological profiles in children with gingivitis and type 1 diabetes mellitus

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of periodontal pathogens, systemic inflammatory mediators and lipid profiles in type 1 diabetes children (DM) with those observed in children without diabetes (NDM), both with gingivitis. Material and methods Twenty-four DM children and twenty-seven NDM controls were evaluated. The periodontal status, glycemic and lipid profiles were determined for both groups. Subgingival samples of periodontal sites were collected to determine the prevalence of periodontal microorganisms by PCR. Blood samples were collected for IL-1-β, TNF-α and IL-6 analysis using ELISA kits. Results Periodontal conditions of DM and NDM patients were similar, without statistical differences in periodontal indices. When considering patients with gingivitis, all lipid parameters evaluated were highest in the DM group; Capnocytophaga sputigena and Capnocytophaga ochracea were more prevalent in the periodontal sites of DM children. “Red complex” bacteria were detected in few sites of DM and NDM groups. Fusobacterium nucleatum and Campylobacter rectus were frequently found in both groups. Similar levels of IL-1-β, TNF-α and IL-6 were detected in DM and NDM children. Conclusion Clinical and immunological profiles are similar between DM and NDM children. The presence of Capnocytophaga sputigena and Capnocytophaga ochracea were associated with gingivitis in DM children.